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HARVARD UNIVERSITY ▏哈佛大学

哈佛大学始创于1636年，是世界上最古老的顶尖私立研究型大学之一。早期的名字为“新学院”(New College)，
1639年3月为了纪念在成立初期给予学院慷慨支持的加尔文派牧师约翰·哈佛（John Harvard），而更名为“哈佛学院"
1780年，哈佛学院正式改称“哈佛大学”。哈佛大学的创立时间比美国建国早近一个半世纪，因此被视为美国历史最为
悠久的高等学府。哈佛最初的校训为拉丁文“Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae”意为“追求基督教与教会意义上的真”。
随着启蒙思想的传播和现代学术体系的建立，哈佛逐步走向世俗化(去"神"化，科学化），其知识观念也从以「神」学
为中心，转向以理性探究和经验验证为基础的科学范式，以「科学」为中心。[在人类的认知边界内,将那些暂时
无法被理性解释与实证检验的事物或现象归于‘神’或“神性”，而将能够解释并被反复论证验证的视为‘科学’]校训逐步
简化成一个词“Veritas”(真理)，象征着大学对真理不懈追求的核心理念。

“创造知识”作为大学最核心的智力支撑，是哈佛教学与科研活动的根本使命。围绕“Veritas”这一理念，
学校致力于营造开放包容的学术环境，学生在其中接触新的思想、新的理解方式与新的认知途径，由此开启
一段心智蜕变的旅程。通过多元的生活环境——与不同研究领域、来自不同文化、拥有不同成长经历背景的
同学共同生活——学生的思想转化得以深化，社会转化的条件也由此孕育，学生也逐渐塑造自我人生方向：
认识自身天赋与才智的用途，审视价值与兴趣，并学习如何以最恰当的方式服务世界。鼓励师生以批判性
思维探索自然与社会的本质规律，从而为应对人类社会面临的复杂挑战贡献思想资源与实践方案。



哈佛大学共培养了8位美国总统，160多名诺贝尔奖得主(世界第一)和18位菲尔兹奖得主（世界第一），
都是全球第一的领先地位。此外，哈佛还有14位图灵奖得主（排名世界第四），表明其在计算机科学领域
的领先地位。尤其在文学、医学、法学、商学等多个领域拥有崇高的学术地位及广泛的影响力，
被公认为是当今世界最顶尖的高等教育机构之一。这些成就得益于哈佛的优秀体制、学术氛围，
一流的研究设施和吸引全球人才的能力。

哈佛拥有50个本科专业、134个研究生学位、和32个专业学位，学科门类齐全，拥有法学、商学、医学、工程、
教育、文学、理学、社会科学等众多学院和研究机构，其优势学科涵盖生命科学、法学、商学、计算机科学等领域，
图书馆系统规模居全美前列。其中最著名的是哈佛大学医学院。目前由哈佛学院、12个研究生专业学院及
拉德克利夫高等研究院组成，拥有约3万名在校生。

哈佛大学是常春藤盟校成员之一，全球大学高研院联盟成员，常年荣居U.S. News世界大学排名世界第一 。哈佛拥有全世界公认最顶级师资队伍学术资源，
拥有全美最高的捐赠总额，拥有世界一流的研究设施，从创始以来以“Educate Citizens and Citizen Leaders （培养公民和公民领袖）”为目标的最高学府，
每年都吸引着全世界最顶尖的人才（学生、教授）加入哈佛，也是全球最难进入的大学之一。



科技领域的创造发明/诺贝尔科学奖:
作为世界顶尖的研究型大学，哈佛其校友和教职人员在基础科学研究和应用技术创新方面取得了众多突破性成果，
推动了人类对自然世界的理解和改造。截至2024年，哈佛校友,教授和研究人员共有160余位诺贝尔奖获得者，
其中超过三分之二集中在物理学、化学和生理学或医学领域。这一数字在全球高校中遥遥领先，
彰显了哈佛在基础科学研究方面的卓越实力。


物理学领域
罗伊·格劳伯Roy J. Glauber
2005年诺贝尔物理学奖得主，
对光学相干性的量子理论贡献，直接促进了量子光学和激光技术的发展。
18岁时参与曼哈顿计划，成为洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室最年轻科研人员 。20世纪60年代提出"相干性量子理论"，
用量子力学解释光现象，奠定量子光学理论基础，被称作"量子光学之父"


珀西·布里奇曼Percy Williams Bridgman
1946年诺贝尔物理学奖得主，
在高压物理学方面的开创性研究，为材料科学奠定了基础；


化学领域
马丁·卡普拉斯Martin Karplus
2013年诺贝尔化学奖得主，
开发的多尺度复杂化学系统模型，彻底改变了化学反应的计算机模拟；

乔治·史密斯George P. Smith
2018年诺贝尔化学奖得主，
发明的噬菌体展示技术，为抗体药物的开发开辟了新途径。

生理学或医学领域
沃尔特·吉尔伯特Walter Gilbert1980年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主，
在DNA测序方法上的突破，开启了基因组学时代；

杰克·索斯塔克Jack W. SZOSTAK2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主，
对端粒和端粒酶保护染色体的发现，深化了人类对衰老和癌症机制的理解。


生物技术领域
哈佛大学威斯研究所（Wyss Institute）开创的仿生学方法，推动了从可编程纳米材料到器官芯片技术的革命性创新。
乔治·丘奇（哈佛医学院教授）在基因组学合成生物学方面的开创性工作，直接促进了CRISPR基因编辑技术的发展和临床应用。


科技创新与世界超级公司：
哈佛不仅产出前沿科技成果，更构建了完整的科技创新与创业成果转化生态系统。
据统计，截至2023年，哈佛校友创立了超过14,000家活跃企业，产生了62个亿万富翁企业家，其中包括：

比尔·盖茨（微软Microsoft创始人，Windows操作系统创造者）
他带领团队开发出一系列具有开创性的操作系统等软件产品，推动了计算机在全球的普及和应用。
他的微软公司在很长时间内主导着全球个人电脑操作系统市场，对信息技术产业的发展起到了关键的引领作用，
是计算机行业的标志性人物。比尔盖茨在计算机领域有着卓越贡献，推动了全球信息技术的发展。


马克·扎克伯格（创立脸书Facebook/又名Meta）
他在大学期间就展现出了非凡的创业天赋，创建了后来风靡全球的社交网络平台。这个平台让世界各地的人们能够轻松地交流、
分享生活点滴，极大地改变了社交模式。它不仅成为人们日常沟通的重要工具，还在商业、文化等诸多领域产生了深远影响，
吸引了无数用户，也造就了巨大的商业价值，扎克伯格也因此成为全球瞩目的企业家。


美国政界：
哈佛校友中产生了8位美国总统，约翰·亚当斯、约翰·昆西.亚当斯、拉瑟福德·海斯、西奥多·罗斯福、富兰克林·罗斯福、
肯尼迪、布什、奥巴马。以及著名外交家，美国前国务卿亨利·基辛格。深刻影响了美国政治走向,这一数字在美国高校中首屈一指。
奥巴马Obama：1961年，奥巴马出生在夏威夷一个普通家庭——父亲是肯尼亚人，母亲是堪萨斯州白人。童年随父母辗转，但1991年，
他靠全额奖学金进入哈佛法学院，在哈佛学习期间积累了丰富的知识和政治素养，助力他从一名“草根”成功逆袭美国白宫，
他步入政坛后，凭借自身能力和理念赢得广泛支持，当选为美国总统。奥巴马用自己的行动证明“草根也能站在世界舞台中央”。
在任期间，他在医疗改革、外交政策等诸多方面推行了一系列举措，对美国乃至全球政治格局都产生了重要影响，
成为全球备受关注的政治领袖。

富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福 
美国第32任总统，1933年推行“罗斯福新政”（The New Deal），“第二次世界大战期间反法西斯同盟阵营的领导人之一，

约翰·F·肯尼迪
则以“新边疆”政策开启了美国社会改革的新篇章。

亨利·基辛格Henry Alfred Kissinger
著名外交家、美国前国务卿，国际问题专家。
1972年尼克松总统对中国的“破冰之旅”，实现了震撼世界的“跨越太平洋的握手”。

哈佛毕业生在美国政府中担任要职的比例同样惊人。根据2023年统计，美国国会中有超过10%的议员拥有哈佛教育背景，
最高法院大法官中哈佛校友比例超过30%。内阁部长、国家安全顾问、驻外大使等高层职位中，哈佛校友的身影无处不在。



哈佛与中国名人
虽然哈佛是全球最难入读的学府之一。但众多知名华人也毕业于哈佛。他们涵盖科学、文学、政治等多个领域。
以下是一些代表性人物：

杨杏佛科学家、辛亥革命社会活动家，中国人权运动先驱，留学期间创办《科学》杂志,中国管理科学先驱。
陈寅恪：历史学家、古典文学研究家，1918年赴哈佛大学学习梵文和巴利文。陈寅恪、汤用彤、吴宓这三人常被合称为“哈佛三杰”，
他们在20世纪初于哈佛大学共同学习，师从新人文主义大师白璧德，归国后参与创立学衡派，对中国现代学术和文化论争有深远影响。
林语堂文学家、语言学家，1919年入哈佛大学文学系，
梁实秋散文家、文学批评家，在哈佛大学选修白璧德课程，深受其影响。

梁思成：中国著名建筑历史学家和建筑教育家，
贝聿铭：世界顶级建筑大师，代表作包括卢浮宫玻璃金字塔和香港中银大厦.
马友友：美国籍华裔大提琴演奏者、演员.
竺可桢：气象学家、地理学家，中国近代气象学奠基人，1918年获哈佛大学气象学博士学位。
作为第二批留美“庚款生”，他在伊利诺伊大学学习农学后，转至哈佛大学。毕业后回国任教，推动了中国气象学和地理学的发展。
赵小兰<：2001年1月11日，当选美国劳工部长，美国历史上第一位进入内阁的华裔。
胡先骕：植物学家，中国植物分类学奠基人，1912年进入哈佛大学学习植物学。
马英九：政治家，获哈佛大学法学博士学位。
此外，还有梅光迪、吴宓、汤用彤等学者在哈佛大学学习并推动新人文主义思想传播。



哈佛大学受捐资金居于世界科研机构之首，在2013年已经累计达到320亿美元，
是仅次于比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会的最大捐赠基金；哈佛年平均科研经费超过7亿五千万美元,
为14个学院上百个研究机构提供支持。 
截止2024年7月，哈佛大学拥有超过5800项发明专利，哈佛创新实验室催化了5000多个创业公司。
历史上，哈佛大学的科学家在医学创新和科学进步方面也取得了诸多成就：
1950年代，哈佛研究人员发明了心脏除颤的技术，1954年，实现了人类历史上首次器官移植 ，
此外还包括将天花疫苗引入美国、发现产褥热的病因和预防方式、首次应用了外科手术中的麻醉技术、
发现了昆虫传播疾病的机制，发现了坏血病的病因，并提出了热灭活疫苗的概念、
成功实施世界上首例心脏瓣膜手术、首次确定完整的病毒颗粒结构等、
首次使用磁共振成像（MRI）进行诊断等。


2014年3月27日《自然》杂志发布年度报告，2013年在《自然》杂志上发表高质量论文的贡献指数，
哈佛大学位列第一，中国科学院在这份榜单上居于全球第6位。 [
在《sciencewatch》发布的1999—2009十年间论文引用排名中，哈佛大学同样高居首位。 
2020年，哈佛大学的天文学家团队宣布发现在太阳系的后方存在着一条波浪状的气体云链，
它沿着银河系的旋臂孕育着星团。为了纪念发现这种波动现象的哈佛大学拉德克利夫研究所，
科学家们将这种新型结构命名为“拉德克利夫波”。 

此外，哈佛大学开展了“伽利略计划”（The Galileo Project），旨在通过先进的望远镜观测技术
寻找地外科技文明（ETC）。 2022年，哈佛大学的科研经费支出金额为940万美元。
截至2025年，该校已有161位诺贝尔奖获得者，奖项类别涵盖物理学、化学、医学、文学、和平、经济学等多个领域。 
科研排名方面，哈佛大学在上海软科发布的2023年世界大学学术排名（ARWU）中位列第一，
在自然指数（Nature Index）发布的2023年全球机构学术排名中也位居榜首。 


哈佛图书馆
哈佛大学图书馆系统创立于1638年，拥有800余名工作人员，在全球范围内的25座以上图书馆中
与学者和学生开展交流与合作。其馆藏总量超过两千万件，涵盖纸本文献与数字资源，
以广泛的国际影响力和深度著称，资料内容涉及各学科的发展，覆盖460多种语言。
哈佛大学图书馆系统是美国最大的学术图书馆之一。


哈佛大学图书馆的中央系统位于哈佛庭院的怀德纳图书馆内，整个系统覆盖80所不同的图书馆，
整体馆藏量超过1600万册，使其成为全美最大的学术图书馆网络，同时位居全美第三
（仅次于美国国会图书馆和波士顿公共图书馆）。 不同的图书馆适合不同类型的读者进入：
位处于剑桥市本部的加博科学图书馆、拉蒙特图书馆及怀德纳图书馆为本科生最常去的图书馆；
霍顿图书馆及亚瑟·伊丽莎白施莱辛格图书馆专门收藏有关美国女性地位发展的历史参考；
哈佛大学数据库搜罗了各种珍贵的书籍及手抄搞；
美国一些最古老的地图、地名册等能在哈佛的蒲赛图书馆内找到；
哈佛燕京图书馆内则保管与东亚古老语言相涉的文献。 
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Harvard University was founded in 1636 and is one of the oldest and most prestigious 
private research universities in the world. Originally named "New College," it was renamed 
"Harvard College" in March 1639 in honor of John Harvard, a Calvinist minister who provided
generous support to the institution during its early years.

In 1780, Harvard College was officially renamed Harvard University. Founded nearly a century
and a half before the establishment of the United States, Harvard is regarded as the oldest 
institution of higher learning in the country. Harvard's original motto was the Latin phrase
"Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae," meaning "Truth for Christ and the Church." With the spread of
Enlightenment thought and the establishment of the modern academic system, Harvard gradually
became more secular (moving away from its religious foundation and towards scientific principles). 
Its conception of knowledge also shifted from being theology-centered to a scientific paradigm
based on rational inquiry and empirical validation—that is, becoming science-centered. 
{Within the boundaries of human cognition, things or phenomena that cannot yet be rationally 
explained or empirically tested are attributed to 'God' or 'the divine,' while those that can be 
explained and repeatedly verified are regarded as 'science.'} Over time, the motto was gradually 
simplified to a single word—"Veritas" —symbolizing the university's core commitment to the 
relentless pursuit of truth.



"Knowledge creation," as the core intellectual foundation of a university, is the fundamental mission 
of Harvard's teaching and research activities. Centered on the principle of "Veritas," the institution is 
dedicated to fostering an open and inclusive academic environment where students encounter new
ideas, new ways of understanding, and new paths to knowledge—thus embarking on a journey of 
intellectual transformation. Through a diverse living environment—living alongside peers from 
different academic fields, various cultural backgrounds, and distinct life experiences—
students deepen their intellectual evolution, sowing the seeds for broader societal change. 
In this process, they gradually shape their own life paths: discovering how to apply their talents 
and intellect, examining their values and interests, and learning how to serve the world
in the most meaningful ways.

Harvard University encourages its students and faculty to use critical thinking to explore the 
fundamental laws of nature and society, thereby contributing intellectual resources and 
practical solutions to the complex challenges facing humanity.




Harvard University has produced 8 U.S. presidents, over 160 Nobel laureates (ranking first in the world), 
and 18 Fields Medalists (also ranking first in the world), all of which underscore its global preeminence. 
Additionally, Harvard boasts 14 Turing Award winners (ranked fourth in the world), highlighting its leading 
position in computer science. The university holds a distinguished academic status and exerts extensive 
influence, particularly in fields such as literature, medicine, law, and business, and is widely recognized as 
one of the foremost institutions of higher education in the world today. These achievements are 
attributable to Harvard's exceptional institutional framework, academic atmosphere, 
world-class research facilities, and its ability to attract top talent from around the globe.

Harvard offers 50 undergraduate majors, 134 graduate degree programs, and 32 professional degree 
programs, encompassing a comprehensive range of academic disciplines. It comprises numerous schools 
and research institutions, including those dedicated to law, business, medicine, engineering, education, 
arts and humanities, sciences, and social sciences. Its areas of strength span the life sciences, law, business, 
computer science, and more. The university's library system is among the largest in the United States. 
Most renowned among its schools is Harvard Medical School. Currently, Harvard is composed of 
Harvard College, 12 graduate and professional schools, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study,
with a total enrollment of approximately 30,000 students.

A member of the Ivy League and the Global Alliance of Leading Research Universities, 
Harvard consistently ranks first in the world on the U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities
rankings. Harvard possesses a globally recognized top-tier faculty and unparalleled academic resources, 
holds the largest university endowment in the United States, and maintains world-class research facilities. 
Since its founding, this preeminentinstitution has aimed to "educate citizens and citizen leaders." 
Each year, it attracts the world's most brilliant minds—both students and faculty—to join its community, 
and it remains one of the most selective universitiesin the world.





*Innovations and Inventions in Science and Technology / Nobel Prizes in the Sciences:**

As a world-leading research university, Harvard University's alumni and faculty have achieved numerous 
groundbreaking results in both basic scientific research and applied technological innovation, 
advancing humanity's understanding and transformation of the natural world. As of 2024, 
Harvard boasts over 160 Nobel laureates among its alumni, faculty, and researchers, 
with more than two-thirds of these awards concentrated in the fields of Physics, 
Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. This number leads universities globally by 
a significant margin, demonstratingHarvard's exceptional strength 
in fundamental scientific research.

#Physics
Roy J. Glauber: 
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005 for his contribution to the quantum theory of 
optical coherence, which directly stimulated the development of quantum optics and laser 
technology. At age 18, he participated in the Manhattan Project, becoming the youngest scientist
at Los Alamos Laboratory. In the 1960s, he formulated the "quantum theory of coherence,"
using quantum mechanics to explain optical phenomena and laying the foundation
for quantum optics, earning him the title "Father of Quantum Optics."

Percy Williams Bridgman：
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946 for his pioneering work in high-pressure physics, 
which laid the foundation for materials science.

#Chemistry
Martin Karplus：
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013 for the development of multiscale models for 
complex chemical systems, which fundamentally changed computer simulations 
of chemical reactions.

George P. Smith：
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018 for his invention of phage display technology, 
which opened new pathways for the development of antibody drugs.


#Physiology or Medicine
Walter Gilbert：
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his breakthroughs in 
DNA sequencing methods, which ushered in the era of genomics.
Jack W. Szostak：
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for his discovery of how telomeres and the enzyme
telomerase protect chromosomes, deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of aging and cancer.

#Biotechnology
The bio-inspired engineering approach pioneered by Harvard's Wyss Institute has driven revolutionary 
innovations ranging from programmable nanomaterials to organ-on-a-chip technologies.
George Church：(Professor at Harvard Medical School): His pioneering work in genomics and synthetic biology 
has directly contributed to the development and clinical application of CRISPR gene-editing technology.


#Technological Innovation and World-Changing Companies:
Harvard not only produces cutting-edge technological achievements but has also built a comprehensive ecosystem 
for translating technological innovation into entrepreneurial ventures. According to statistics, as of 2023, Harvard 
alumni have founded over 14,000 active companies, generating 62 billionaire entrepreneurs, including:

Bill Gates (Co-founder of Microsoft, creator of the Windows operating system): 
He led his team in developing a series of groundbreaking software products, including operating systems, 
which accelerated the global adoption and use of personal computers. His company, Microsoft, dominated the 
global PC operating system market for a long time, playing a key leadership role in the development of the 
information technology industry and becoming an iconic figure in the computer field. He has made exceptional 
contributions to computing, advancing global information technology.


Mark Zuckerberg** (Founder of Facebook / also known as Meta): 
He demonstrated remarkable entrepreneurial talent during his college years, creating a social networking platform
that later became a global phenomenon. This platform enabled people around the world to connect and share their 
lives easily, profoundly transforming social interaction. It became an essential tool for daily communication and had 
a deep impact on business, culture, and many other fields, attracting billions of users and generating immense 
commercial value, making Zuckerberg a globally renowned entrepreneur.



#American Politics:
Harvard alumni include 8 U.S. Presidents: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, 
Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, as well as the renowned diplomat and 
former U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger. They have profoundly shaped the course of American politics—
a number that is unparalleled among U.S. universities.

Barack Obama: 
Born in 1961 in Hawaii to a Kenyan father and a white mother from Kansas, Obama's childhood involved moving 
between places. However, in 1991, he entered Harvard Law School on a full scholarship. During his time at Harvard, 
he accumulated extensive knowledge and political acumen, which helped him successfully rise from a "grassroots" 
background to the White House. After entering politics, he won broad support based on his abilities and vision, 
eventually being elected President. Obama demonstrated through his own actions that "someone from humble 
beginnings can stand at the center of the world stage." During his tenure, he implemented a series of initiatives in 
healthcare reform, foreign policy, and many other areas, significantly impacting both the American and global political 
landscape, becoming a globally watched political leader.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt:
The 32nd President of the United States, he implemented "The New Deal" in 1933 and was one of the leaders of 
the anti-fascist Allied coalition during World War II.
John F. Kennedy:
He opened a new chapter in American social reform with his "New Frontier" policies.
Henry Alfred Kissinger:
A renowned diplomat, former U.S. Secretary of State, and international relations expert. He was instrumental in 
President Nixon's "ice-breaking" visit to China in 1972, achieving the world-stunning "handshake across the Pacific."

The proportion of Harvard graduates holding high-level positions in the U.S. government is equally striking. 
According to 2023 statistics, over 10% of members of the U.S. Congress have a Harvard educational background, 
and the proportion of Harvard alumni among Supreme Court Justices exceeds 30%. Harvard alumni are ubiquitous 
in high-ranking positions such as Cabinet Secretaries, National Security Advisors, and ambassadors.


#Harvard and Notable Chinese Figures:
Although Harvard is one of the most difficult universities in the world to gain admission to, numerous prominent 
ethnic Chinese have graduated from Harvard, spanning fields such as science, literature, and politics. 
Here are some representative figures:

Yang Xingfo:
Scientist, social activist during the Xinhai Revolution, and pioneer of the human rights movement in China. 
While studying abroad, he founded the journal *Science* and was a pioneer in management science in China.

Chen Yinke:
 Historian and classical literature scholar. He went to Harvard University in 1918 to study 
Sanskrit and Pali. Chen Yinke, Tang Yongtong, and Wu Mi are often collectively referred to as the "Three 
Outstanding Scholars of Harvard" (Harvard San Jie). They studied together at Harvard University in the early 
20th century under the New Humanist scholar Irving Babbitt. After returning to China, they participated in
founding the Xueheng School, profoundly influencing modern Chinese academia and cultural debates.

Lin Yutang: Writer and linguist. He entered the Literature Department at Harvard University in 1919.
Liang Shiqiu: Essayist and literary critic. He took courses taught by Irving Babbitt at Harvard University 
and was deeply influenced by him.
Liang Sicheng: Renowned Chinese architectural historian and educator.
I. M. Pei: World-class master architect, whose representative works include the Louvre Pyramid in Paris 
and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong.
Yo-Yo Ma: Chinese-American cellist and actor.
Zhu Kezhen: Meteorologist and geographer, founder of modern meteorology in China. He earned his Ph.D. 
in meteorology from Harvard University in 1918. As a member of the second batch of "Boxer Indemnity" 
students to study in the U.S., he studied agriculture at the University of Illinois before transferring to Harvard. 
After graduation, he returned to China to teach and later served as President of Zhejiang University, 
promoting the development of meteorology and geography in China.

Elaine Chao: On January 11, 2001, she was confirmed as the U.S. Secretary of Labor, 
becoming the first Asian American woman appointed to a U.S. President's Cabinet in American history.
Hu Xiansu: Botanist and founder of plant taxonomy in China. He entered Harvard University in 1912 to study botany.
Ma Ying-jeou: Politician, earned his Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) degree from Harvard University.
Additionally, scholars like Mei Guangdi, Wu Mi, and Tang Yongtong studied at Harvard and contributed
to the dissemination of New Humanist thought.







Harvard University's endowment is the largest among global research institutions, 
reaching $32 billion by 2013, making it the largest endowment fund after the Bill & 
Melinda Gates Foundation. Harvard's average annual research funding exceeds $750 
million, supporting hundreds of research institutions across its 14 schools. 
As of July 2024, Harvard holds over 5,800 patents, and the Harvard Innovation Lab 
has catalyzed more than 5,000 startup companies. Historically, Harvard scientists 
have achieved numerous accomplishments in medical innovation and scientific
advancement: In the 1950s, Harvard researchers invented the technology for cardiac 
defibrillation. In 1954, they performed the first organ transplant in human history. 
Other achievements include introducing the smallpox vaccine to the United States, 
discovering the cause and prevention of puerperal fever, first applying anesthesia 
in surgery, uncovering the mechanism of insect-borne diseases, identifying the cause 
of scurvy, proposing the concept of heat-inactivated vaccines, successfully 
performing the world's first heart valve surgery, first determining the complete 
structure of a virus particle, and first using magnetic resonance 
imaging (MRI) for diagnosis.

On March 27, 2014, the journal Nature released its annual report, ranking Harvard
first in the contribution index for publishing high-quality papers in Nature in 2013. 
The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranked sixth globally on this list. 
In the ScienceWatch citation rankings for 1999–2009, Harvard also ranked first. 
In 2020, a team of Harvard astronomers announced the discovery of a wavy chain 
of gas clouds behind the solar system, nurturing star clusters along the spiral arms 
of the Milky Way. To commemorate the Harvard Radcliffe Institute, where this wave 
phenomenon was discovered, scientists named this new structure the "Radcliffe Wave."

Additionally, Harvard launched "The Galileo Project," aimed at using advanced 
telescope observation technology to search for extraterrestrial technological 
civilizations (ETC). In 2022, Harvard's research expenditure amounted to $9.4 million.
 As of 2025, the university has produced 161 Nobel laureates, spanning fields such 
as physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. 
In terms of research rankings, Harvard ranked first in the 2023 Academic Ranking 
of World Universities (ARWU) released by ShanghaiRanking and also 
topped the 2023 Nature Index Global Institutional Academic Ranking.



Harvard Library
The Harvard University Library system was founded in 1638 and employs over 800 staff. 
It engages in exchanges and collaborations with scholars and students across more than 
25 libraries worldwide. Its total collection exceeds 20 million items, encompassing both 
print and digital resources, and is renowned for its broad international influence and 
depth. The materials cover developments across various disciplines and are available 
in over 460 languages. The Harvard University Library system is one of the largest 
academic libraries in the United States.


The central system of the Harvard University Library is located in the Widener Library 
within Harvard Yard. The entire system encompasses 80 different libraries, 
with a total collection exceeding 16 million volumes, making it the largest academic 
library network in the United States and the third largest overall (after the Library of 
Congress and the Boston Public Library). Different libraries cater to various types of 
readers: the Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library, located in 
the Cambridge campus, are the most frequented by undergraduates; the Houghton
Library and the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library specialize in historical 
references related to the development of women's status in America; 
the Harvard University Database gathers a variety of precious books and manuscripts; 
some of the oldest maps and gazetteers in the United States can be found in the
Harvard Map Collection; the Harvard-Yenching Library houses documents 
related to ancient East Asian languages.

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